نمایندگی ظاهری و آثار آن در نظام حقوقی- فقهی ایران و کامن لا
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق مدنی
عباداله رستمی چلکاسری
1
(دانشیار حقوق خصوصی، گروه حقوق، موسسه آموزش عالی احرار، رشت، ایران.)
علی جمال زاده
2
(کارشناسی ارشد حقوق خصوصی، گروه حقوق، موسسه آموزش عالی احرار، رشت، ایران )
کلید واژه: نمایندگی ظاهری, فقه امامیّه, کامن لا, نمایندگی ضمنی,
چکیده مقاله :
«نمایندگی ظاهری» برخاسته از حقوق انگلیس است و در ذیل تعاریف معمول نمایندگی جای نمی گیرد. در این تئوری شخص نخست به واسطۀ رفتار خود سبب شده است که دیگری به عنوان نمایندۀ وی شناخته شده، و ثالث نمایندگی را تصور و تصدیق نماید، در حالی که هیچگونه رابطۀ نمایندگی به نحوی که معمولاً انتظار می رود بین آن ها وجود ندارد، فلذا شخص نخست نمی تواند نمایندگی را انکار نماید. در فقه امامیّه لفظ خاص «نمایندگی ظاهری» توجه فقها را به خود جلب نکرده و در اطراف آن احکامی دیده نمی شود، اما این موضوع دال بر عدم وجود نظر مشابه و غیرقابل پذیرش بودن آن در فقه امامیّه نیست. هدف تحقیق تطبیق این تئوری و آثار آن با نهادهای مشابه در فقه امامیه است. تصور می رود که تئوری مزبور بعضاً در تسهیل اعمال حقوقی مؤثر واقع شود، فلذا بنا به وسعت فقه، پژوهش تطبیقی در این خصوص ممکن در تجارت اسلامی مؤثر واقع شود. در این تحقیق انتظار می رود آثار ناشی از نمایندی ظاهری و نهادهای مشابه آن به طبع متفاوت باشد، اما در اساس تعارض چشمگیری در بین آن ها وجود نداشته باشد. روش تحقیق به صورت جستوجو و گردآوری منابع (کتاب، مقاله، ...) و یادداشت برداری از آن‌ها انجام شده است.
"Apparent representation" originates from English law and does not fall under the usual definitions of representation. In this theory, the first person through his behavior has caused the other to be recognized as his representative, and the third to imagine and acknowledge the representation, while there is no representative relationship between them in the way that is usually expected. Therefore, the first person cannot deny the representation. In Imami jurisprudence, the special word "apparent representation" has not attracted the attention of jurists and there are no rulings around it, but this does not indicate the absence of a similar opinion and its inadmissibility in Imami jurisprudence. The purpose of the research is to compare this theory and its works with similar institutions in Imami jurisprudence. It is thought that the mentioned theory is sometimes effective in facilitating legal practices, so according to the scope of jurisprudence, comparative research in this regard may be effective in Islamic business. In this research, it is expected that the effects of apparent representation and its similar institutions are different in nature, but there is no significant conflict between them. The research method is searching and collecting sources (books, articles,...) and taking notes from them.
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