بررسی ماهیت و مقایسه اجاره به شرط تملیک با عقد معلق در حقوق ایران
محورهای موضوعی : probate law
دنیا حسینی مقدم
1
(دانشجوی دوره ی دکتری حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه گیلان, ایران.)
کلید واژه: اجاره به شرط تملیک, عقد معلق, حقوق ایران,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی ماهیت ومقایسه اجاره به شرط تملیک با عقد معلق در حقوق ایران می باشد. قرارداد اجاره به شرط تملیک هرچند در نظام غربی تولد یافته و رشد کرده است، ولی با توجه به مزایای آن نسبت به نهادهای حقوقی مشابه، چون فروش اقساطی، بیع معلّق و عقد معلق می‌تواند در نظام حقوقی کشور ما نیز جانشین مناسبی برای نهادهای حقوقی یاد شده به حساب آید. در نگاه اول شاید بتوان گفت این عقد یک عقد اجاره است که در آن شرطی مبنی بر مالک شدن مستاجر در پایان عقد درج گردیده است ولی باید بگوییم که اجاره به شرط تملیک دارای نقاط اشتراک زیادی با عقودی از قبیل بیع اقساطی با شرط فاسخ، بیع معلق، عقد اجاره و رهن دارد ولی با وجود این اشتراکات تفاوت های بسیاری را نیز با این عقود دارا می باشد بنابراین نمی توان این عقد را در قالب یکی از این عقود گنجاند و باید پذیرفت که اجاره به شرط تملیک یک عقد مستقل است و اصرار بر گنجاندن این عقد در قالب سایر عقود سبب ایجاد مشکلاتی میگردد که سبب متضرر شدن هریک از طرفین شده و با خواست آنها مطابقت نمیکند. از جمله این تفاوت ها، تفاوت در ویژگی ها و ماهیت عقد معلق است. عقد معلق عقدی است که وقوع و تحقق آن منوط به وقوع امر دیگری باشد. در واقع عقد معلق، عقدی است که بعد از (ایجاب و قبول) دارای اثر حقوقی نمی شود به این معنا که توافق صورت می گیرد و عقد هم منعقد می شود اما اثر آن ایجاد نمی شود و منوط به یک حادثه می باشد. استفاده فراوان از این نوع قراردادها در سال‌های اخیر، لزوم شناسایی ماهیت و احکام آنها را ضروری کرده است.
The purpose of this study is to examine and compare the nature of "rent with the condition of ownership" with suspended contracts in Iranian law. Although the "rent with the condition of ownership" contract originated and developed in the Western legal system, due to its advantages over similar legal institutions such as installment sales, suspended sales, and rental contracts, it can also be a suitable substitute for these legal institutions in our country's legal system. At first glance, it may seem that this contract is a rental agreement in which a condition for the tenant to become the owner is included at the end of the contract. However, it should be noted that "rent with the condition of ownership" has many similarities with contracts such as installment sales with a void condition, suspended sales, rental contracts, and mortgages. Despite these similarities, there are also significant differences with these contracts. Therefore, this contract cannot be included in the framework of any of these contracts, and it must be accepted that "rent with the condition of ownership" is an independent contract. Insisting on including this contract in the framework of other contracts creates problems that harm both parties and do not correspond to their wishes. One of these differences is the difference in the characteristics and nature of suspended contracts. A suspended contract is a contract whose occurrence and realization are subject to the occurrence of another event. In fact, a suspended contract is a contract that does not have any legal effect after (offer and acceptance), meaning that an agreement is reached and a contract is concluded, but its effect is not created and is subject to an incident. The widespread use of these types of contracts in recent years has made it necessary to identify their nature and provisions.
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