مسئولیت مدنی و بینالمللی دولت نسبت به خسارات حاصله در فضای اینترنت
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق خصوصی
رسول ملکوتی
1
(استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، واحد پردیس بین الملل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران)
مونا خلیل زاده
2
(دانشیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، واحد تهران مرکز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران)
کلید واژه: : اینترنت, دولت, مسئولیت مدنی, مسئولیت بینالمللی, ارائه دهندگان خدمات اینترنتی, کاربران. ,
چکیده مقاله :
فضای اینترنت قلمرویی است که زمان و مکان به معنی مرسوم در آن بی معناست، بنابراین حاکمیت و کنترل دولت درآن نیز مصداق کامل ندارد. با این حال دولت (به مفهوم اعم) به عنوان ایجاد کننده منحصر نقطه تماس بین¬المللی (اینترنت) در کشور، به جهت نظارت ابتدایی که در صدور مجوز ارائه و عرضه خدمات اینترنت به اشخاص حقوقی مانند ISPها یا تفویض اختیارات حاکمیتی خود به برخی حاضران در فضای سایبر از جمله کارگزاران و مستخدمین خود یا وظایفی که در قبال شهروندان عادی دارد یا با انجام برخی اعمال تصدی، ممکن است نسبت به خسارات حاصله ناشی از استفاده از اینترنت مباشرتاً یا از باب تسبیب، مسئولیت مدنی داشته باشد. همچنین در موضوعات بین¬المللی که صلح و امنیت جهانی دچار مخاطره میشود نیز دولت در نتیجهی اعمال زیانباری که شخصاً یا توسط بازیگران خصوصی در فضای اینترنت انجام میدهد، مسئولیت بینالمللی خواهد داشت
Internet space is a territory in which time and place are meaningless in the conventional sense, so government sovereignty and control are not perfect. However, the government (in a sense) as the sole originator of the international (internet) point of contact in the country, for the primary oversight of the licensing and provision of Internet services to legal entities such as ISPs or the transfer of sovereignty to some Attendees in cyberspace, including their agents and employees, or duties to ordinary citizens or to certain corporate actions, may have civil liability for damages resulting from the use of the Internet stewardship or retaliation. Also in international crimes that endanger world peace and security, the government will also have international responsibility as a result of acts of harm done personally or by private actors. Cyber-attacks as a Wrongful international act by the government with government bodies have been greatly reduced due to their ability to identify and attribute to the government, and governments are seeking to curb the These nongovernmental actors carry out such attacks in order to avoid responsibility.
1- Stone, Hick. (1386). Human rights and the Internet. Translated and researched by Seyyed Ghasem Zamani and Mehrnaz Bahramlou. Tehran: Khorsandi Publishing.
2- Bojnordi, Mohammad Hassan. (1371). Jurisprudence rules. Volume II, Qom: Ismailian Press.
3- Al-Hosseini Al-Maraghi, Abdul Fattah. (1318). titles. Volume 1, Tehran: Islamic Publishing Institute.
4- Al-Senhouri, Abdul Razzaq. (1998). Al-Wasit fi al-Sharh of the new civil law. Volume 1, 3rd edition/548, Beirut: Al-Halabiyyah al-Hawqiyya.
5- Ghamami, Majid. (1376). Civil liability of the government. Tehran: Judge Publications.
6- Katouzian, Nasser. (1382). Obligations outside the contract. Daman Gahri, third edition, Tehran: Tehran University Press.
7- Malkuti, Messenger. (2015). Civil liability in cyber space. Tehran: Majd Publications.
8-Malkuti, Messenger. (2016). Civil liability of the government. Tehran: Majd Publications.
9-Motmani Tabatabai, Manouchehr. (1379). Administrative rights. Tehran: Samit Publications.
10- Hickstone. (1386). Human rights and the Internet, translated by Seyyed Ghasem Zamani and Mehrnaz Bahramlou. Tehran: Khorsandi Publishing.
11- Abhari, Hamid, Miri, Hamid. (1390). "Comparative study of the foundations of civil liability of Internet service providers". Journal of Comparative Law Research. Period 15. Number 3.
12- Salahi, Sohrab, Kashfi, Seyed Mehdi. (2015). "Cyber warfare from the perspective of international law with the Tallinn Directive". Quarterly Journal of Soft Power Studies. The sixth period. Number 15.
13- Ziyaei, Seyed Yasser, Khalilzadeh, Mona. (2012). "The international responsibility of the government due to cyber attacks". Legal research. Course 12. No.
14- Malkuti, Rasool, Savarai, Parviz. (2017). "Investigation of the legal status of government sovereignty in cyber space". Proceedings of the Conference on Legal Aspects of Information and Communication Technology in Iran. Publications of University of Science and Culture. second edition.
15- Daillier, P. , Forteau, M. , Pellet, A. , Nguyen Quoc, D. , Droit international public: formation du droit, sujets, relations diplomatiques et consulaires, responsabilité, règlement des différends, maintien de la paix, espaces internationaux, relations
16- économiques, environnement, 8e édition. ed. L. G. D. J. , Lextenso éditions, Paris, 2009.
17- I. Brownlie, System of the Law of Nations: State Responsibility 132et. seq (oxford: Substance Rules in R. illichand D. magraw (eds. ) Thr Iran-united States Claim Tribunal: its Contrubution to the Law of State Responsibility 109
18- Kanuck, S. , Sovereign Discourse on Cyber Conflict Under International Law. Tex. Law Rev. 88, 1571–1598. 2010.
19- Lilian Edwards, University of Strathclyde، Role and Responsibility of Internet Intermediaries in the Field of Copyright and Related Rights. at: http://www. wipo. int/export/sites/www/copyright/en/doc/role. 2011.
20- Elkin Koren Niva. »Making technology Visible: liability of Internet Service Providers for Peer to Peer Traffic«. New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy. Vol. 9, 2006.
21- Salvador Commercial Company Case R. I. A. A. XV 455,477 (1902) also Chattin Case R. I. A. A. IV 282,285-86. »Finally, Dispute Concerning the Interperation of Article 79 of the Treaty of Peace«, R. I. A. A. XIII 389,438, 1927.
22- Scott، J، Shackelford, »From Nuclear War To Net War: Analogizing Cyber Attacks In International Law«، Berkeley Journal of International Law، Vol، 27, 2008.
23- Tanya Aplin, »Internet Service Provider Liability for Moral Rights Infringement in Australia«، Digital Technology Law Journal8، Vol، 1، n،. at: www. murdoch. , 1999.
24- W. Brenner, At Light Speed: »Attribution and Response to Cybercrime/ Terrorism/ Warfare«, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, No 97, 2006- 2007.