قانون حاکم برقراردادهای بیمه در حقوق ایران وآمریکا
محورهای موضوعی :
کلید واژه: قانون حاکم, اصل حاکمیت اراده, قرارداد بیمه, ایران و آمریکا ,
چکیده مقاله :
قراردادهای بیمه و تعهدات ناشي از آن در اكثر نظام هاي حقوقي تابع قانوني است كه مورد توافق طرفين قرارداد واقع مي شود . اين قانون را اصطلاحاً قانون منظور طرفين مي نامند.امروزه اصل حاکمیت اراده در مفهومی اجتما عی و نه فردگرایانه مورد نظر و بحث و بررسی قرار می گیرد.در واقع اصل مزبور که در آغاز چهره ای فلسفی داشت و به حرمت انسان و حقوق طبیعی او مربوط می شد اکنون به عنوان وسیله مفید اجتماعی احترام دارد وهر جا با مصلحت والاتری برخورد پیدا کند محدود می شود. بر همین اساس است که در بیان مفاد این اصل به خوبی گفته شده است:اشخاص آزادند به هر شکل معقول که می خواهند با هم پیمان ببندد و آثار آنرا معین سازند ، مگر اینکه مفاد تراضی آنان ،به دلیل مخالفت با قانون یا نظم عمومی و اخلاق ،نا مشروع باشد». ماده ۱۰ قانون مدنی نیز همین مضمون را با اندک تفاوت بدین صورت بیان میکند :«قرارداد ها ی خصوصی نسبت به کسانی که آن را منعقد نموده اند ، در صورتی که مخالف صریح قانون نباشد ، نافذ است.درضمن،طبق قوانین مدنی ایران و آمریکا،بیمه عبارت است از قراردادی که به موجب آن یک طرف (بیمه گر) تعهد میکند در ازای پرداخت وجه یا وجوهی از طرف دیگر (بیمه گذار) در صورت وقوع یا بروز حادثه خسارت وارده بر او را جبران نموده یا وجه معینی را بپردازد. متعهد را بیمه گر، طرف تعهد را بیمه گذار و وجهی را که بیمه گذار به بیمه‌گر می‌پردازد حق بیمه و آنچه را که بیمه می‌شود موضوع بیمه نامند.لذا،قراردادهای بیمه درقوانین ایران و آمریکا دارای قواعدی مثل اصل حاکمیت اراده،اصل حاكم بر تعهدات قراردادي و...می باشد که به عنوان قواعد حاكم برقراردادهای بیمه قلمدادمی گردد واین پژوهش درصدداست بابررسی دقیق قواعد حاكم برقراردادهای بیمه ایران و آمریکا گامی موثرومفیددرمرتفع شدن چالشهاواختلاف نظرهابردارد.
Insurance contracts and the obligations arising from them, in most legal systems, are subject to the law agreed upon by the contracting parties.This law is called the law of the intention of the parties. Today, the principle of the sovereignty of the will is considered and discussed in a social, not individualistic, sense. In fact, the aforementioned principle, which initially had a philosophical face and was related to the dignity of man and his natural rights, is now respected as a useful social tool and is limited wherever it conflicts with a higher interest. It is on this basis that it is well stated in the statement of the provisions of this principle: "Persons are free to enter into agreements with each other in any reasonable manner they wish and to determine their effects, unless the terms of their agreement are unlawful because they are contrary to law or public order or morality." Article 10 of the Civil Code also expresses the same content with a slight difference as follows: "Private contracts are enforceable against those who have concluded them, unless they are expressly contrary to the law." In addition, according to Iranian and American civil laws, insurance is a contract under which one party (the insurer) undertakes to compensate the other party (the insured) for the damage caused to him or to pay a certain amount in exchange for the payment of a sum or sums by the other party (the insured). The obligor is called the insurer, the party to the obligation is called the insurer, the amount that the insured pays to the insurer is called the premium, and what is insured is called the subject of insurance. Therefore, insurance contracts in Iranian and American laws have rules such as the principle of sovereignty of will, the principle governing contractual obligations, etc., which are considered as the rules governing insurance contracts. This research aims to take an effective and useful step in resolving challenges and differences of opinion by carefully examining the rules governing insurance contracts in Iran and the United States.
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