بررسی شیوه‌های جبران خسارات صغیر در حقوق ایران و انگلیس
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق مدنیمریم تفضلی مهرجردی 1 * , بهشید ارفع نیا 2
1 - کارشناسی ارشدحقوق خصوصی، گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق و الهیات و علوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
2 - دانشیارحقوق خصوصی، گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و الهیات و علوم سیاسی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
کلید واژه: جبران خسارت, زیان‌دیده, افعال زیان‌آور, تقصیر, سرپرست, صغیر,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف مسئولیت مدنی جبران خسارت زیان‌دیده است. درصورتی‌که شرایط و ارکان مسئولیت مدنی سرپرست صغیر جمع باشد، زیان‌دیده حق دارد جبران خساراتی را که به او واردشده است از سرپرست بخواهد؛ در حقوق ایران، مقصود از جبران خسارت زیان‌دیده، برگرداندن وضع او به حالت پیشین خود است. بدین معنی که خسارت واردشده چنان جبران و تدارک شود که گویی از اصل خسارتی وارد نگردیده است. سرپرست صغیر مانند هر مسئول مدنی دیگر، تنها نسبت به خسارات قابل انتساب به خود که ناشی از فعل صغیر باشد مسئولیت دارد. در نظام کامن لا، مسئولیت مدنی ناشی از فعل یا ترک فعلی است که عمدتاً به علت بی‌احتیاطی عامل زیان موجب خسارت به دیگری شده است و او باید نسبت به جبران آن اقدام نماید. لذا برای تعیین الگوی مراقبت و تطبیق عملکرد شخص زیان زننده با عملکرد شخص متعارف مورد ارزیابی قرار می‌گیرد که گاه مربوط به فعل شخص زیان زننده (مثل احتمال ورود ضرر و میزان خسارت محتمل‌الوقوع) و گاه مربوط به شخص زیان‌دیده می‌شود.
The purpose of civil liability is to compensate the injured party. If the terms and conditions of civil liability of the minor guardian are met, the injured party has the right to seek compensation from the guardian. In Iranian law, the purpose of compensating the injured party is to return him/her to his/her former state. This means that the damage caused should be compensated and restored in a way as if it has not been occurred at all. The minor guardian, like any other civil responsible person, is only liable for the attributable damages resulting from the minor’s act. In the common law system, civil liability arises from the act or omission, which has caused damage to the other, mainly due to the negligence of the perpetrator, and he/she must take action to compensate it. If in order to determine the pattern of care and compliance, the performance of the harmful person is evaluated with the performance of the normal person, which is sometimes related to the action of the harmful person such as probability of loss and probable damage and sometimes related to the injured person.
Emami, Seyyed Hassan. (1997). Civil Rights. Eighth edition. Tehran: Mizan.
Izanlou, Mohsen (2012). Terms limiting and eliminating liability in contracts. second edition. Tehran:
Publishing Company.
Bariklo, Alireza (2019). Civil liability. Ninth edition. Tehran: Mizan.
Shahidi, Mehdi (2006). Effects of contracts and obligations. Third edition. Tehran: Majd Publications.
Safai, Hossein; Kazemi, Mahmoud; Adel, Morteza; Mirza Nejad, Akbar (2012). International sales
rights. The seventh edition. Tehran: Tehran University Press.
Adl, Mustafa (2000). Civil Rights. Third edition. Qom: Taha Publications.
Katouzian, Nasser (1997). General rules of contracts. Volume 4. second edition. Tehran: Publishing
Company.
Katouzian, Nasser (2014). Obligations outside the contract (civil liability). first volume. 13th edition
Tehran: University of Tehran.
Mohaghegh Damad, Seyed Mostafi (2012). The rules of jurisprudence. first volume. Tehran: Majd.
Vahdati Shabiri, Seyyed Hassan (2009). Basics of contractual civil liability. Third edition. Tehran:
Humanities Research Institute.
Khazaei, Hossein, (2015), Business Law, Commercial Companies, Volume 2, Tehran, Law Publishing.
Khomeini, Ruhollah, (2006), translated by Tahrir al-Wasila, Qom, Institute for editing and publishing
the works of Imam Khomeini (RA).
Demarchili, Mohammad, Hatami, Ali, Qaraei, Mohsen, (2012), Trade Law in the Current Legal
System, Tehran, Dodastan Publications.
Bigdeli, Saeed (2016). "Subsequence of contractual liability to the will of the parties in Iran's civil law".
Journal of Fiqh and Islamic Law Studies. Number 17. Year 9. Semnan: Semnan University. pp.
59-89.
Shiravi, Abdul Hossein (2001). "Criticism and review of the provisions of the civil procedure regarding
the claim for contractual damages and late payment". Qom Higher Education Complex
Magazine. Number 9. Year 6, spring and summer. pp. 5-18.
Katouzian, Nasser (2008). "Evolution of the concept of influence in civil liability law". Islamic Law
Quarterly. Number 1. Volume 39. Tehran: Research Institute of Islamic Culture and Thought,
pp. 189-214.
Nematullahi, Ismail (2014). "The originality of compulsory guarantee and its precedence over
contractual liability in Imami jurisprudence". Islamic Law Quarterly. Number 51. Winter.
Thirteenth year. Tehran: Research Institute of Islamic Culture and Thought. pp. 10-127
Qanawati, Jalil, Essian Tafarshi, Mohammad, (2015), "Relationship between the representative body
and the right-of-work, agency and brokerage institutions", Higher Education Complex Journal,
No. 11, pp. 55-82.
Katouzian, Nasser, (1995), General Theory of Obligations, Tehran, Yalda Publishing.
Morsi Badr, Jamal, (1980), Al-Nayaba fi Al-Qaunayat al-Qawani, Cairo, Al-Masriyyah al-Masriyyah
al-Katab.
Madrasi, Mohammad Reza, (2013), Al-Bay (Madrasi), Qom, Volume 3, (Amirkhani, Abdullah), Dar
al-Tafsir.
Moin, Mohammad, (1992), Farhang Moin, Volume 4, 8th edition, Tehran, Amir Kabir Publications.
Naimi, Imran, (2016), "Commercial Representation (Study and Review in Domestic and Foreign
Laws)", Doctoral Dissertation in Private Law, University of Tehran.
Bowstead W. and Reynolds F, (1996), the Law of Agency, 16th ed, London, Sweet & Maxwell.
Daniel Kleinberger and Peter Knapp,( 2002), Apparent Servants and Making Appearances Matter, A
Critique of Bagot v. Airport & Airline Taxi Cab Corporation, Williatin Mitchell Law Review,
Vol. 28, No. 4.
Drew Britcher, and Abbotts Brown, (2018), the Doctrine of Apparent Authority In Medical Malpractice
Cases, New Jersey Law Journal, Vol. CXCIV, No. 4.
Edwin. R. Holmes, (1974), Apparent Authority and Undisclosed principal under German Law,
California wastern Interactional Law Journal, Vol. 4.
Fridman G.H.L,( 2016), the law of agency, 6th ed, london, Butter worths.
Ibn al-Baraj, judge (1985). Mahdab al-Bara' Volume 2. Qom: Al-Nashar al-Islami Institute.
Ansari, Morteza bin Muhammad Amin (1990 AH). Al Makasab Volume 3. Qom: Dar Al-Zakhaer.
Hali, Hassan bin Yusuf (1917). Al-Ahkam rules. Volume 3. Qom: Al-Nashar al-Islami Institute.
Tabatabai, Ali (1999). Riyad al-Masal Qom: Al-Nashar al-Islami Institute.
Moghuls Ardabili, Ahmed (2000). Assembly of benefits and evidence. Volume 10. Qom: Al-Nashar al-
Islami Institute.
Makarem Shirazi, Nasser (1990 ). Jurisprudential rules. Volume 3. Qom: Amir al-Momenin (AS)
School.
Mousavi Khansari, Ahmed bin Yusuf (1936). Jame al-Madarak in Sharh al-Mukhtasar al-Nafi. Volume
5. Tehran: Al Sadouq School.
Najafi, Mohammad Hassan (1981). Jawaharlal Kalam in the description of the laws of Islam. Volumes
7 and 22. Beirut: Dar al-Ahiya al-Trath al-Arabiya.
Stone, richar (2002). The modern law of contract. 5th edition. London: Cavendish publishing.