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  1 - Investigation of a Contractual Representative’s Dealing with Oneself in the Iranian Legal System
  Fatemeh  Jameei Nader  Khavandgar Hirad Mokhayeri
  The significance of concluding contracts requires that there should be a legal relationship in the name of representation in the relations between individuals, so that the representative can participate in the contracts in his/her own name and conclude the contract on h More

  The significance of concluding contracts requires that there should be a legal relationship in the name of representation in the relations between individuals, so that the representative can participate in the contracts in his/her own name and conclude the contract on his/her behalf. Representation is divided into kinds based on the validity of the basis and its cause, and one of the most important of which is contractual representation. Since the existence of two wills is necessary in concluding any contract, the contractual representative declares his/her will on behalf of the original party and in some cases may participate in the contract on his/her own behalf and in his/her own right and deal with him/herself. Therefore, in the present study, in order to clarify the various dimensions of such a deal, in response to the question of what is the nature and legal status of such a deal in the Iranian legal system if a deal is made by contractual representatives including lawyers, directors of commercial companies, dealers and brokers, it should be said that such a deal was accepted as a contract and in the case of a lawyer, it shall be valid and effective by observing the client’s interests, in the case of managers of commercial companies and dealers, it shall be valid and effective by observing formalities, but the broker's dealing with himself/herself is not valid and he/she can only have a share in the deals of the parties. All of which were examined in detail in this article. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
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  2 - Examining The Terms Of Foreclosure And Comparing It With Late Payment Damages
  Fatemeh   Jameei Hirad Mokhayeri mohsen poormohammad
  10.61186/ahrar.38617.2.4.148
  Transactions in the form of trade in goods have long been common And sometimes in such transactions one of two items of the same type that are of equal weight, On the other hand, it is exchanged in excess on one side and causes the realization of one of the types of usu More

  Transactions in the form of trade in goods have long been common And sometimes in such transactions one of two items of the same type that are of equal weight, On the other hand, it is exchanged in excess on one side and causes the realization of one of the types of usury called "exchange usury".There is also another type of increase in assets in transactions in which one party does not fulfill its obligation on time and as a result causes a loss to the other party and must compensate the damage caused by this delay, which is called "payment delay compensation".Since both of these issues increase the other party's assets,In the present study, while examining the exchange usury, the conditions of its realization and comparing it with the compensation for late payment in these respects, in response to the question that "Is obtaining compensation for late payment one of the examples of usury and is it sanctity or legitimate like exchange usury?"Examining the prohibition of usury and also mentioning the reasons for the legitimacy of late payment damages, we came to the conclusion that although some consider imposing a penalty for late payment as a trick to receive usury.However, several legal articles indicate its acceptance by the legislator, and it is considered legitimate by most jurists for various reasons, and it is not sanctity usury. Manuscript profile